.\" Revision 1.0 93/06/3 23:00  chk
.\" Initial revision
.\"
.\"
.TH TUNE2FS 8 "May 2024" "E2fsprogs version 1.47.1"
.SH NAME
tune2fs \- adjust tunable file system parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 file systems
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B tune2fs
[
.B \-l
]
[
.B \-c
.I max-mount-counts
]
[
.B \-e
.I errors-behavior
]
[
.B \-f
]
[
.B \-i
.I interval-between-checks
]
[
.B \-I
.I new_inode_size
]
[
.B \-j
]
[
.B \-J
.I journal-options
]
[
.B \-m
.I reserved-blocks-percentage
]
[
.B \-o
.RI [^]mount-options [,...]
]
[
.B \-r
.I reserved-blocks-count
]
[
.B \-u
.I user
]
[
.B \-g
.I group
]
[
.B \-C
.I mount-count
]
[
.B \-E
.I extended-options
]
[
.B \-L
.I volume-label
]
[
.B \-M
.I last-mounted-directory
]
[
.B \-O
.RI [^] feature [,...]
]
[
.B \-Q
.I quota-options
]
[
.B \-T
.I time-last-checked
]
[
.B \-U
.I UUID
]
[
.B \-z
.I undo_file
]
device
.SH DESCRIPTION
.B tune2fs
allows the system administrator to adjust various tunable file system
parameters on Linux ext2, ext3, or ext4 file systems.  The current values
of these options can be displayed by using the
.B -l
option to
.BR tune2fs (8)
program, or by using the
.BR dumpe2fs (8)
program.
.PP
The
.I device
specifier can either be a filename (i.e., /dev/sda1), or a LABEL or UUID
specifier: "\fBLABEL=\fIvolume-label\fR" or "\fBUUID=\fIuuid\fR".  (i.e.,
LABEL=home or UUID=e40486c6-84d5-4f2f-b99c-032281799c9d).
.SH OPTIONS
.TP
.BI \-c " max-mount-counts"
Adjust the number of mounts after which the file system will be checked by
.BR e2fsck (8).
If
.I max-mount-counts
is the string "random", tune2fs will use a random value between 20 and 40.
If
.I max-mount-counts
is 0 or \-1, the number of times the file system is mounted will be disregarded
by
.BR e2fsck (8)
and the kernel.
.sp
Staggering the mount-counts at which file systems are forcibly
checked will avoid all file systems being checked at one time
when using journaled file systems.
.sp
Mount-count-dependent checking is disabled by default to avoid
unanticipated long reboots while e2fsck does its work.  If you
are concerned about file system corruptions caused by potential hardware
problems of kernel bugs, a better solution than mount-count-dependent
checking is to use the
.BR e2scrub (8)
program.  This does require placing the file system on an LVM volume,
however.
.TP
.BI \-C " mount-count"
Set the number of times the file system has been mounted.
If set to a greater value than the max-mount-counts parameter
set by the
.B \-c
option,
.BR e2fsck (8)
will check the file system at the next reboot.
.TP
.BI \-e " error-behavior"
Change the behavior of the kernel code when errors are detected.
In all cases, a file system error will cause
.BR e2fsck (8)
to check the file system on the next boot.
.I error-behavior
can be one of the following:
.RS 1.2i
.TP 1.2i
.B continue
Continue normal execution.
.TP
.B remount-ro
Remount file system read-only.
.TP
.B panic
Cause a kernel panic.
.RE
.TP
.BI \-E " extended-options"
Set extended options for the file system.  Extended options are comma
separated, and may take an argument using the equals ('=') sign.
The following extended options are supported:
.RS 1.2i
.TP
.B clear_mmp
Reset the MMP block (if any) back to the clean state.  Use only if
absolutely certain the device is not currently mounted or being
fscked, or major file system corruption can result.  Needs '-f'.
.TP
.BI mmp_update_interval= interval
Adjust the initial MMP update interval to
.I interval
seconds.  Specifying an
.I interval
of 0 means to use the default interval.  The specified interval must
be less than 300 seconds.  Requires that the
.B mmp
feature be enabled.
.TP
.BI stride= stride-size
Configure the file system for a RAID array with
.I stride-size
file system blocks. This is the number of blocks read or written to disk
before moving to next disk. This mostly affects placement of file system
metadata like bitmaps at
.BR mke2fs (2)
time to avoid placing them on a single disk, which can hurt the performance.
It may also be used by block allocator.
.TP
.BI stripe_width= stripe-width
Configure the file system for a RAID array with
.I stripe-width
file system blocks per stripe. This is typically be stride-size * N, where
N is the number of data disks in the RAID (e.g. RAID 5 N+1, RAID 6 N+2).
This allows the block allocator to prevent read-modify-write of the
parity in a RAID stripe if possible when the data is written.
.TP
.BI hash_alg= hash-alg
Set the default hash algorithm used for file systems with hashed b-tree
directories.  Valid algorithms accepted are:
.IR legacy ,
.IR half_md4 ,
and
.IR tea .
.TP
.BI encoding= encoding-name
Enable the
.I casefold
feature in the super block and set
.I encoding-name
as the encoding to be used.  If
.I encoding-name
is not specified, utf8 is used. The encoding cannot be altered if casefold
was previously enabled.
.TP
.BI encoding_flags= encoding-flags
Define parameters for file name character encoding operations.  If a
flag is not changed using this parameter, its default value is used.
.I encoding-flags
should be a comma-separated lists of flags to be enabled.  The flags cannot be
altered if casefold was previously enabled.

The only flag that can be set right now is
.I strict
which means that invalid strings should be rejected by the file system.
In the default configuration, the
.I strict
flag is disabled.
.TP
.BI mount_opts= mount_option_string
Set a set of default mount options which will be used when the file
system is mounted.  Unlike the bitmask-based default mount options which
can be specified with the
.B -o
option,
.I mount_option_string
is an arbitrary string with a maximum length of 63 bytes, which is
stored in the superblock.
.IP
The ext4 file system driver will first apply
the bitmask-based default options, and then parse the
.IR mount_option_string ,
before parsing the mount options passed from the
.BR mount (8)
program.
.IP
This superblock setting is only honored in 2.6.35+ kernels;
and not at all by the ext2 and ext3 file system drivers.
.TP
.BI orphan_file_size= size
Set size of the file for tracking unlinked but still open inodes and inodes
with truncate in progress. Larger file allows for better scalability, reserving
a few blocks per cpu is ideal.
.TP
.B force_fsck
Set a flag in the file system superblock indicating that errors have been found.
This will force fsck to run at the next mount.
.TP
.B test_fs
Set a flag in the file system superblock indicating that it may be
mounted using experimental kernel code, such as the ext4dev file system.
.TP
.B ^test_fs
Clear the test_fs flag, indicating the file system should only be mounted
using production-level file system code.
.RE
.TP
.B \-f
Force the tune2fs operation to complete even in the face of errors.  This
option is useful when removing the
.B has_journal
file system feature from a file system which has
an external journal (or is corrupted
such that it appears to have an external journal), but that
external journal is not available.   If the file system appears to require
journal replay, the
.B \-f
flag must be specified twice to proceed.
.sp
.B WARNING:
Removing an external journal from a file system which was not cleanly unmounted
without first replaying the external journal can result in
severe data loss and file system corruption.
.TP
.BI \-g " group"
Set the group which can use the reserved file system blocks.
The
.I group
parameter can be a numerical gid or a group name.  If a group name is given,
it is converted to a numerical gid before it is stored in the superblock.
.TP
.B \-i " \fIinterval-between-checks\fR[\fBd\fR|\fBm\fR|\fBw\fR]"
Adjust the maximal time between two file system checks.
No suffix or
.B d
will interpret the number
.I interval-between-checks
as days,
.B m
as months, and
.B w
as weeks.  A value of zero will disable the time-dependent checking.
.sp
There are pros and cons to disabling these periodic checks; see the
discussion under the
.B \-c
(mount-count-dependent check) option for details.
.TP
.B \-I
Change the inode size used by the file system.   This requires rewriting
the inode table, so it requires that the file system is checked for
consistency first using
.BR e2fsck (8).
This operation can also take a while and the file system can be
corrupted and data lost if it is interrupted while in the middle of
converting the file system.  Backing up the file system before changing
inode size is recommended.
.IP
File systems with an inode size of 128 bytes do not support timestamps
beyond January 19, 2038.  Inodes which are 256 bytes or larger will
support extended timestamps, project id's, and the ability to store some
extended attributes in the inode table for improved performance.
.TP
.B \-j
Add an ext3 journal to the file system.  If the
.B \-J
option is not specified, the default journal parameters will be used to create
an appropriately sized journal (given the size of the file system)
stored within the file system.  Note that you must be using a kernel
which has ext3 support in order to actually make use of the journal.
.IP
If this option is used to create a journal on a mounted file system, an
immutable file,
.BR .journal ,
will be created in the top-level directory of the file system, as it is
the only safe way to create the journal inode while the file system is
mounted.  While the ext3 journal is visible, it is not safe to
delete it, or modify it while the file system is mounted; for this
reason the file is marked immutable.
While checking unmounted file systems,
.BR e2fsck (8)
will automatically move
.B .journal
files to the invisible, reserved journal inode.  For all file systems
except for the root file system,  this should happen automatically and
naturally during the next reboot cycle.  Since the root file system is
mounted read-only,
.BR e2fsck (8)
must be run from a rescue floppy in order to effect this transition.
.IP
On some distributions, such as Debian, if an initial ramdisk is used,
the initrd scripts will automatically convert an ext2 root file system
to ext3 if the
.B /etc/fstab
file specifies the ext3 file system for the root file system in order to
avoid requiring the use of a rescue floppy to add an ext3 journal to
the root file system.
.TP
.BR \-J " journal-options"
Override the default ext3 journal parameters. Journal options are comma
separated, and may take an argument using the equals ('=')  sign.
The following journal options are supported:
.RS 1.2i
.TP
.BI size= journal-size
Create a journal stored in the file system of size
.I journal-size
megabytes.   The size of the journal must be at least 1024 file system blocks
(i.e., 1MB if using 1k blocks, 4MB if using 4k blocks, etc.)
and may be no more than 10,240,000 file system blocks.
There must be enough free space in the file system to create a journal of
that size.
.TP
.BI fast_commit_size= fast-commit-size
Create an additional fast commit journal area of size
.I fast-commit-size
kilobytes.
This option is only valid if
.B fast_commit
feature is enabled
on the file system. If this option is not specified and if
.B fast_commit
feature is turned on, fast commit area size defaults to
.I journal-size
/ 64 megabytes. The total size of the journal with
.B fast_commit
feature set is
.I journal-size
+ (
.I fast-commit-size
* 1024) megabytes. The total journal size may be no more than
10,240,000 file system blocks or half the total file system size
(whichever is smaller).
.TP
.BI location =journal-location
Specify the location of the journal.  The argument
.I journal-location
can either be specified as a block number, or if the number has a units
suffix (e.g., 'M', 'G', etc.) interpret it as the offset from the
beginning of the file system.
.TP
.BI device= external-journal
Attach the file system to the journal block device located on
.IR external-journal .
The external
journal must have been already created using the command
.IP
.B mke2fs -O journal_dev
.I external-journal
.IP
Note that
.I external-journal
must be formatted with the same block
size as file systems which will be using it.
In addition, while there is support for attaching
multiple file systems to a single external journal,
the Linux kernel and
.BR e2fsck (8)
do not currently support shared external journals yet.
.IP
Instead of specifying a device name directly,
.I external-journal
can also be specified by either
.BI LABEL= label
or
.BI UUID= UUID
to locate the external journal by either the volume label or UUID
stored in the ext2 superblock at the start of the journal.  Use
.BR dumpe2fs (8)
to display a journal device's volume label and UUID.  See also the
.B -L
option of
.BR tune2fs (8).
.RE
.IP
Only one of the
.BR size " or " device
options can be given for a file system.
.TP
.B \-l
List the contents of the file system superblock, including the current
values of the parameters that can be set via this program.
.TP
.BI \-L " volume-label"
Set the volume label of the file system.
Ext2 file system labels can be at most 16 characters long; if
.I volume-label
is longer than 16 characters,
.B tune2fs
will truncate it and print a warning.  For other file systems that
support online label manipulation and are mounted
.B tune2fs
will work as well, but it will not attempt to truncate the
.I volume-label
at all.  The volume label can be used by
.BR mount (8),
.BR fsck (8),
and
.BR /etc/fstab (5)
(and possibly others) by specifying
.BI LABEL= volume-label
instead of a block special device name like
.BR /dev/hda5 .
.TP
.BI \-m " reserved-blocks-percentage"
Set the percentage of the file system which may only be allocated
by privileged processes.   Reserving some number of file system blocks
for use by privileged processes is done
to avoid file system fragmentation, and to allow system
daemons, such as
.BR syslogd (8),
to continue to function correctly after non-privileged processes are
prevented from writing to the file system.  Normally, the default percentage
of reserved blocks is 5%.
.TP
.BI \-M " last-mounted-directory"
Set the last-mounted directory for the file system.
.TP
.BR \-o " [^]\fImount-option\fR[,...]"
Set or clear the indicated default mount options in the file system.
Default mount options can be overridden by mount options specified
either in
.BR /etc/fstab (5)
or on the command line arguments to
.BR mount (8).
Older kernels may not support this feature; in particular,
kernels which predate 2.4.20 will almost certainly ignore the
default mount options field in the superblock.
.IP
More than one mount option can be cleared or set by separating
features with commas.  Mount options prefixed with a
caret character ('^') will be cleared in the file system's superblock;
mount options without a prefix character or prefixed with a plus
character ('+') will be added to the file system.
.IP
The following mount options can be set or cleared using
.BR tune2fs :
.RS 1.2i
.TP
.B debug
Enable debugging code for this file system.
.TP
.B bsdgroups
Emulate BSD behavior when creating new files: they will take the group-id
of the directory in which they were created.  The standard System V behavior
is the default, where newly created files take on the fsgid of the current
process, unless the directory has the setgid bit set, in which case it takes
the gid from the parent directory, and also gets the setgid bit set if it is
a directory itself.
.TP
.B user_xattr
Enable user-specified extended attributes.
.TP
.B acl
Enable Posix Access Control Lists.
.TP
.B uid16
Disables 32-bit UIDs and GIDs.  This is for interoperability with
older kernels which only store and expect 16-bit values.
.TP
.B journal_data
When the file system is mounted with journaling enabled, all data
(not just metadata) is committed into the journal prior to being written
into the main file system.
.TP
.B journal_data_ordered
When the file system is mounted with journaling enabled, all data is forced
directly out to the main file system prior to its metadata being committed
to the journal.
.TP
.B journal_data_writeback
When the file system is mounted with journaling enabled, data may be
written into the main file system after its metadata has been committed
to the journal.  This may increase throughput, however, it may allow old
data to appear in files after a crash and journal recovery.
.TP
.B nobarrier
The file system will be mounted with barrier operations in the journal
disabled.  (This option is currently only supported by the ext4 file
system driver in 2.6.35+ kernels.)
.TP
.B block_validity
The file system will be mounted with the block_validity option enabled,
which causes extra checks to be performed after reading or writing from
the file system.  This prevents corrupted metadata blocks from causing
file system damage by overwriting parts of the inode table or block
group descriptors.  This comes at the cost of increased memory and CPU
overhead, so it is enabled only for debugging purposes.  (This option is
currently only supported by the ext4 file system driver in 2.6.35+
kernels.)
.TP
.B discard
The file system will be mounted with the discard mount option.  This will
cause the file system driver to attempt to use the trim/discard feature
of some storage devices (such as SSD's and thin-provisioned drives
available in some enterprise storage arrays) to inform the storage
device that blocks belonging to deleted files can be reused for other
purposes.  (This option is currently only supported by the ext4 file
system driver in 2.6.35+ kernels.)
.TP
.B nodelalloc
The file system will be mounted with the nodelalloc mount option.  This
will disable the delayed allocation feature.  (This option is currently
only supported by the ext4 file system driver in 2.6.35+ kernels.)
.RE
.TP
.BR \-O " [^]\fIfeature\fR[,...]"
Set or clear the indicated file system features (options) in the file system.
More than one file system feature can be cleared or set by separating
features with commas.  File System features prefixed with a
caret character ('^') will be cleared in the file system's superblock;
file system features without a prefix character or prefixed with a plus
character ('+') will be added to the file system.  For a detailed
description of the file system features, please see the man page
.BR ext4 (5).
.IP
The following file system features can be set or cleared using
.BR tune2fs :
.RS 1.2i
.TP
.B 64bit
Enable the file system to be larger than 2^32 blocks.
.TP
.B casefold
Enable support for file system level casefolding.
The option can be cleared only if filesystem has no
directories with
.B F
attribute.
.TP
.B dir_index
Use hashed b-trees to speed up lookups for large directories.
.TP
.B dir_nlink
Allow more than 65000 subdirectories per directory.
.TP
.B ea_inode
Allow the value of each extended attribute to be placed in the data blocks of a
separate inode if necessary, increasing the limit on the size and number of
extended attributes per file.
.B Tune2fs
currently only supports setting this file system feature.
.TP
.B encrypt
Enable support for file system level encryption.
.B Tune2fs
currently only supports setting this file system feature.
.TP
.B extent
Enable the use of extent trees to store the location of data blocks in inodes.
.B Tune2fs
currently only supports setting this file system feature.
.TP
.B extra_isize
Enable the extended inode fields used by ext4.
.TP
.B filetype
Store file type information in directory entries.
.TP
.B flex_bg
Allow bitmaps and inode tables for a block group to be placed
anywhere on the storage media.  \fBTune2fs\fR will not reorganize
the location of the inode tables and allocation bitmaps, as
.BR mke2fs (8)
will do when it creates a freshly formatted file system with
.B flex_bg
enabled.
.TP
.B has_journal
Use a journal to ensure file system consistency even across unclean shutdowns.
Setting the file system feature is equivalent to using the
.B \-j
option.
.TP
.TP
.B fast_commit
Enable fast commit journaling feature to improve fsync latency.
.TP
.B large_dir
Increase the limit on the number of files per directory.
.B Tune2fs
currently only supports setting this file system feature.
.TP
.B huge_file
Support files larger than 2 terabytes in size.
.TP
.B large_file
File System can contain files that are greater than 2GB.
.TP
.B metadata_csum
Store a checksum to protect the contents in each metadata block.
.TP
.B metadata_csum_seed
Allow the file system to store the metadata checksum seed in the
superblock, enabling the administrator to change the UUID of a file system
using the
.B metadata_csum
feature while it is mounted.
.TP
.B mmp
Enable or disable multiple mount protection (MMP) feature.
.TP
.B project
Enable project ID tracking.  This is used for project quota tracking.
.TP
.B quota
Enable internal file system quota inodes.
.TP
.B read-only
Force the kernel to mount the file system read-only.
.TP
.B resize_inode
Reserve space so the block group descriptor table may grow in the
future.
.B Tune2fs
only supports clearing this file system feature.
.TP
.B sparse_super
Limit the number of backup superblocks to save space on large file systems.
.B Tune2fs
currently only supports setting this file system feature.
.TP
.B stable_inodes
Prevent the file system from being shrunk or having its UUID changed, in order to
allow the use of specialized encryption settings that make use of the inode
numbers and UUID.
.B Tune2fs
currently only supports setting this file system feature.
.TP
.B uninit_bg
Allow the kernel to initialize bitmaps and inode tables lazily, and to
keep a high watermark for the unused inodes in a file system, to reduce
.BR e2fsck (8)
time.  The first e2fsck run after enabling this feature will take the
full time, but subsequent e2fsck runs will take only a fraction of the
original time, depending on how full the file system is.
.TP
.B verity
Enable support for verity protected files.
.B Tune2fs
currently only supports setting this file system feature.
.RE
.IP
After setting or clearing
.BR sparse_super ,
.BR uninit_bg ,
.BR filetype ,
or
.B resize_inode
file system features,
the file system may require being checked using
.BR e2fsck (8)
to return the file system to a consistent state.
.B Tune2fs
will print a message requesting that the system administrator run
.BR e2fsck (8)
if necessary.  After setting the
.B dir_index
feature,
.B e2fsck -D
can be run to convert existing directories to the hashed B-tree format.
Enabling certain file system features may prevent the file system from being
mounted by kernels which do not support those features.  In particular, the
.B uninit_bg
and
.B flex_bg
features are only supported by the ext4 file system.
.TP
.BI \-r " reserved-blocks-count"
Set the number of reserved file system blocks.
.TP
.BI \-Q " quota-options"
Sets 'quota' feature on the superblock and works on the quota files for the
given quota type. Quota options could be one or more of the following:
.RS 1.2i
.TP
.B [^]usrquota
Sets/clears user quota inode in the superblock.
.TP
.B [^]grpquota
Sets/clears group quota inode in the superblock.
.TP
.B [^]prjquota
Sets/clears project quota inode in the superblock.
.RE
.TP
.BI \-T " time-last-checked"
Set the time the file system was last checked using
.BR  e2fsck .
The time is interpreted using the current (local) timezone.
This can be useful in scripts which use a Logical Volume Manager to make
a consistent snapshot of a file system, and then check the file system
during off hours to make sure it hasn't been corrupted due to
hardware problems, etc.  If the file system was clean, then this option can
be used to set the last checked time on the original file system.  The format
of
.I time-last-checked
is the international date format, with an optional time specifier, i.e.
YYYYMMDD[HH[MM[SS]]].   The keyword
.B now
is also accepted, in which case the last checked time will be set to the
current time.
.TP
.BI \-u " user"
Set the user who can use the reserved file system blocks.
.I user
can be a numerical uid or a user name.  If a user name is given, it
is converted to a numerical uid before it is stored in the superblock.
.TP
.BI \-U " UUID"
Set the universally unique identifier (UUID) of the file system to
.IR UUID .
The format of the UUID is a series of hex digits separated by hyphens,
like this:
"c1b9d5a2-f162-11cf-9ece-0020afc76f16".
The
.I UUID
parameter may also be one of the following:
.RS 1.2i
.TP
.I clear
clear the file system UUID
.TP
.I random
generate a new randomly-generated UUID
.TP
.I time
generate a new time-based UUID
.RE
.IP
The UUID may be used by
.BR mount (8),
.BR fsck (8),
and
.BR /etc/fstab (5)
(and possibly others) by specifying
.BI UUID= uuid
instead of a block special device name like
.BR /dev/hda1 .
.IP
See
.BR uuidgen (8)
for more information.
If the system does not have a good random number generator such as
.I /dev/random
or
.IR /dev/urandom ,
.B tune2fs
will automatically use a time-based UUID instead of a randomly-generated UUID.
.TP
.BI \-z " undo_file"
Before overwriting a file system block, write the old contents of the block to
an undo file.  This undo file can be used with e2undo(8) to restore the old
contents of the file system should something go wrong.  If the empty string is
passed as the undo_file argument, the undo file will be written to a file named
tune2fs-\fIdevice\fR.e2undo in the directory specified via the
\fIE2FSPROGS_UNDO_DIR\fR environment variable.

WARNING: The undo file cannot be used to recover from a power or system crash.
.SH BUGS
We haven't found any bugs yet.  That doesn't mean there aren't any...
.SH AUTHOR
.B tune2fs
was written by Remy Card <Remy.Card@linux.org>.  It is currently being
maintained by Theodore Ts'o <tytso@alum.mit.edu>.
.B tune2fs
uses the ext2fs library written by Theodore Ts'o <tytso@mit.edu>.
This manual page was written by Christian Kuhtz <chk@data-hh.Hanse.DE>.
Time-dependent checking was added by Uwe Ohse <uwe@tirka.gun.de>.
.SH AVAILABILITY
.B tune2fs
is part of the e2fsprogs package and is available from
http://e2fsprogs.sourceforge.net.
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR debugfs (8),
.BR dumpe2fs (8),
.BR e2fsck (8),
.BR mke2fs (8),
.BR ext4 (5)
